The results of a study on the vitality of the Italian language in Istria County, conducted by Professor Andrea Debeljuh, Dr Loredana Bogliun and Dr Aleksandro Burra, were presented at the Italian Community in Pula. The research provides important insights into the current position of the Italian language in public use and draws attention to the fact that, despite the formally guaranteed status of Italian in the bilingual areas of Istria County, its public presence is not yet fully realised on an equal footing with Croatian. The findings presented indicate that the Italian language in the public space of Istria County is undergoing a process of regression, particularly with regard to its visible, written and oral use within the framework of institutional Croatian-Italian bilingualism. The study is based on the premise that the actual vitality of a language does not depend solely on its formal legal status, but also on the consistent implementation of bilingualism in public institutions, local self-government, education, public-interest companies, administrative communication, public signage and everyday communicative practices. Particular emphasis was placed on the fact that the legal framework regulating the use of Italian derives from international agreements, national legislation and the statutes of Istria County, as well as those of cities and municipalities with bilingual status. However, the study highlights the gap between normatively guaranteed rights and their actual implementation in the public sphere. This gap emerges as one of the key challenges for preserving Italian as a language of the social environment and as a constitutive element of the identity of the autochthonous Italian National Community in Istria.